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Generally speaking, serif fonts support readability in long, narrative-style documents produced on paper. Sans serif fonts are easier to read in electronic reporting media.方法Bubble chart
Commonly used on maps, and x/y-axis plots, or no plot at all, bubble charts communicate the raw count, frequency, or proportion of some variable where the size of the bubble reflects the quantity.方法GIS mapping
GIS mapping will typically display one data variable or indicator, often using colour coding to indicate the density, frequency, or percentage in a given region, allowing quick comparison between regions.方法Treemap
A treemap displays hierarchical relationships through a set of rectangles, sized proportionately to each data point, clustered together into one large rectangle.方法Word tree
Word trees use a visual branching structure to show how a pre-selected word(s) is connected to other words.方法Phrase net
Phrasenets are useful for exploring how words are linked in a text and, like word clouds and word trees, can be informative for early data analysis.方法Personal stories
Personal stories provide qualitative data about how people experience their lives and can be used to make sense of the past and to understand possible futures.方法Evaluation budget matrix
An evaluation budget matrix specifies various items that need to be costed as individual line items.方法Video
When produced well, videos provide an excellent means to convey messages coming out of an evaluation.方法Reporting in pictures
“A picture is worth a thousand words.” Pictures or images provide another way of presenting information, and increasing understanding of your results.方法Website communications
These days, having a website is common practice for development organizations working beyond the community level. This has opened the possibilities of disseminating information such as that coming from evaluations.方法Memos and email
Memos and emails can be used to help maintain ongoing communication among evaluation stakeholders through brief and specific messages about a particular issue.方法Newsletters, bulletins, blogs, briefs and brochures
Short communication formats—such as bulletins, briefs, newsletters, blogs and brochures—can be used to highlight particular findings or angles on the evaluation.方法News media communications
News media communications can include communication channels such as newspapers, magazines, and radio, as well as digital formats such as online news sites, podcasts, social media, and blogs.方法Interim reports
Interim (or progress) reports present the interim, preliminary, or initial evaluation findings.方法Final reports
Evaluation reports can be read by many different audiences, ranging from individuals in government departments, donor and partner staff, development professionals working with similar projects or programmes, students and community groups.方法Executive summaries
The executive summary of an evaluation report is a shortened version of the full report – usually one to four pages – that highlights findings and recommendations and is placed at the front of the report.方法Regression discontinuity
Regression Discontinuity Design (RDD) is a quasi-experimental evaluation option that measures the impact of an intervention, or treatment, by applying a treatment assignment mechanism based on a continuous eligibility index which is a varia方法Resources stocktake
The resources available for evaluation include people’s time and expertise, equipment and funding.方法Expert review for meta-evaluation
An expert review involves experts reviewing the evaluation, drawing in part on their expertise and experience of the particular type of program or project.方法Time series analysis
A time series is a collection of observations of well-defined data items obtained through repeated measurements over time.方法Block histogram
A histogram is a graphical way of presenting a frequency distribution of quantitative data organised into a number equally spaced intervals or bins (e.g. 1-10, 11-20…).方法Non-parametric inferential statistics
Inferential statistics suggest statements or make predictions about a population based on a sample from that population. Non-parametric tests relate to data that are flexible and do not follow a normal distribution.方法Parametric inferential statistics
Parametric inferential tests are carried out on data that follow certain parameters.方法Multivariate descriptive
Multivariate descriptive statistics involves analysing relationships between more than two variables.方法Crosstabulations
Crosstabulation (or crosstab) is a basic part of survey research in which researchers can get an indication of the frequency of two variables (e.g.方法Frequency tables
A frequency table provides collected data values arranged in ascending order of magnitude, along with their corresponding frequencies.方法Concept mapping
A concept map shows how different ideas relate to each other - sometimes this is called a mind map or a cluster map.方法Propensity scores
Propensity score matching (PSM) is a quasi-experimental method used to estimate the difference in outcomes between beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries that is attributable to a particular program.方法Inception report
An inception report of an evaluation is prepared by an evaluator after an initial review of relevant documentation.方法Meta-ethnography
Meta-ethnography is a method for combining data from qualitative evaluation and research, especially ethnographic data, by translating concepts and metaphors across studies.方法Coaching
Coaching can involve supporting an individual during training or development in order for them to reach a specific personal or professional goal, or providing expert and practical help to improve and apply specific skills and knowledge.方法