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Commonly used on maps, and x/y-axis plots, or no plot at all, bubble charts communicate the raw count, frequency, or proportion of some variable where the size of the bubble reflects the quantity.MethodGIS mapping
GIS mapping will typically display one data variable or indicator, often using colour coding to indicate the density, frequency, or percentage in a given region, allowing quick comparison between regions.MethodTreemap
A treemap displays hierarchical relationships through a set of rectangles, sized proportionately to each data point, clustered together into one large rectangle.MethodWord tree
Word trees use a visual branching structure to show how a pre-selected word(s) is connected to other words.MethodPhrase net
Phrasenets are useful for exploring how words are linked in a text and, like word clouds and word trees, can be informative for early data analysis.MethodPersonal stories
Personal stories provide qualitative data about how people experience their lives and can be used to make sense of the past and to understand possible futures.MethodEvaluation budget matrix
An evaluation budget matrix specifies various items that need to be costed as individual line items.MethodVideo
When produced well, videos provide an excellent means to convey messages coming out of an evaluation.MethodReporting in pictures
“A picture is worth a thousand words.” Pictures or images provide another way of presenting information, and increasing understanding of your results.MethodWebsite communications
These days, having a website is common practice for development organizations working beyond the community level. This has opened the possibilities of disseminating information such as that coming from evaluations.MethodMemos and email
Memos and emails can be used to help maintain ongoing communication among evaluation stakeholders through brief and specific messages about a particular issue.MethodNewsletters, bulletins, blogs, briefs and brochures
Short communication formats—such as bulletins, briefs, newsletters, blogs and brochures—can be used to highlight particular findings or angles on the evaluation.MethodNews media communications
News media communications can include communication channels such as newspapers, magazines, and radio, as well as digital formats such as online news sites, podcasts, social media, and blogs.MethodInterim reports
Interim (or progress) reports present the interim, preliminary, or initial evaluation findings.MethodFinal reports
Evaluation reports can be read by many different audiences, ranging from individuals in government departments, donor and partner staff, development professionals working with similar projects or programmes, students and community groups.MethodExecutive summaries
The executive summary of an evaluation report is a shortened version of the full report – usually one to four pages – that highlights findings and recommendations and is placed at the front of the report.MethodRegression discontinuity
Regression Discontinuity Design (RDD) is a quasi-experimental evaluation option that measures the impact of an intervention, or treatment, by applying a treatment assignment mechanism based on a continuous eligibility index which is a variaMethodResources stocktake
The resources available for evaluation include people’s time and expertise, equipment and funding.MethodExpert review for meta-evaluation
An expert review involves experts reviewing the evaluation, drawing in part on their expertise and experience of the particular type of program or project.MethodTime series analysis
A time series is a collection of observations of well-defined data items obtained through repeated measurements over time.MethodBlock histogram
A histogram is a graphical way of presenting a frequency distribution of quantitative data organised into a number equally spaced intervals or bins (e.g. 1-10, 11-20…).MethodNon-parametric inferential statistics
Inferential statistics suggest statements or make predictions about a population based on a sample from that population. Non-parametric tests relate to data that are flexible and do not follow a normal distribution.MethodParametric inferential statistics
Parametric inferential tests are carried out on data that follow certain parameters.MethodMultivariate descriptive
Multivariate descriptive statistics involves analysing relationships between more than two variables.MethodCrosstabulations
Crosstabulation (or crosstab) is a basic part of survey research in which researchers can get an indication of the frequency of two variables (e.g.MethodFrequency tables
A frequency table provides collected data values arranged in ascending order of magnitude, along with their corresponding frequencies.MethodConcept mapping
A concept map shows how different ideas relate to each other - sometimes this is called a mind map or a cluster map.MethodPropensity scores
Propensity score matching (PSM) is a quasi-experimental method used to estimate the difference in outcomes between beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries that is attributable to a particular program.MethodInception report
An inception report of an evaluation is prepared by an evaluator after an initial review of relevant documentation.MethodMeta-ethnography
Meta-ethnography is a method for combining data from qualitative evaluation and research, especially ethnographic data, by translating concepts and metaphors across studies.MethodCoaching
Coaching can involve supporting an individual during training or development in order for them to reach a specific personal or professional goal, or providing expert and practical help to improve and apply specific skills and knowledge.MethodVolunteer sampling
In many research contexts, sampling simply involves asking for volunteers.Method