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The African evaluation guidelines: 2002
This paper from the African Evaluation Association (AfrEA) provides a brief description of the guidelines and a series of checklists to assist with the planning, implementation and completion of the evaluation process.
Resource
Analyse data
Decide how to analyse the data that have been collected or retrieved in order to answer the Key Evaluation Questions.
Framework/Guide
Rainbow Framework
Asset mapping
Asset mapping is a process of identifying existing assets within a community, organisation or network. It complements the "deficit focus" of needs analysis.
Method
Needs analysis
A needs analysis identifies the current needs of an individual, organisation, or community. Four different types of need were identified by a classic paper by Bradshaw in 1972:
Method
Process tracing
Process tracing is a case-based and theory-driven method for causal inference that applies specific types of tests to assess the strength of evidence for concluding that an intervention has contributed to changes that have been observed or
Method
Power analysis
A power analysis identifies the main types of power in a system of interest.
Method
Upfront evaluation design
An upfront evaluation design is done before or near the beginning of the evaluation and then implemented as designed or as revised at the end of the inception period.
Method
Commissioner-led evaluation design
The organisation commissioning an evaluation develops an evaluation design as part of setting out the terms of reference for the evaluation.
Method
Joint evaluation design
A collaboration is involved in designing the evaluation, which might involve an implementing agency, an evaluation team and/or a community working together.
Method
Iterative evaluation design
An iterative evaluation design involves setting out an initial overall evaluation design or process at the beginning of the evaluation.
Method
Single evaluation approach design
The evaluation design is based on selecting a single existing evaluation model or approach and using it for an evaluation.
Method
Evaluator-led evaluation design
An evaluation team develops an evaluation design in response to an evaluation brief which sets out the purposes of the evaluation.
Method
Community-led evaluation design
A community develops an evaluation design, sometimes with facilitation or technical support.
Method
Develop a design for the evaluation
An evaluation design sets out how data will be collected and analysed in terms of the methods used and the research design.
Framework/Guide
Rainbow Framework
What counts as good evidence?
This paper, written by Sandra Nutley, Alison Powell and Huw Davies for the Alliance for Useful Evidence, discusses the risks of using a hierarchy of evidence and suggests an alternative in which more complex matrix approaches for identifyin
Resource
Impartiality
Impartiality in evaluation refers to conducting an evaluation without bias or favouritism, treating all aspects and stakeholders fairly. Key aspects of impartiality in evaluation can include:
Method
Identifying evaluative criteria
This chapter details the use of a needs assessment to identify evaluative criteria.
Resource
20 years of outcome mapping: Evolving practices for transformative change
This paper reflects on the evolving use of Outcome Mapping 20 years after the first publication on this approach. The resource also provides a "set of guiding practices to support transformative change":
Resource
A guiding framework for needs assessment evaluations to embed digital platforms in partnership with Indigenous communities
This open-access journal article describes a needs assessment with a subarctic Métis community in Saskatchewan, Canada.
Resource
Outcome mapping + equity, gender, and social justice
This paper introduces OM+, a new approach to thinking about and using Outcome Mapping (OM) for supporting transformative change through a focus on inclusion and leadership for equity, gender, and social justice.
Resource
Understand the situation
A situation analysis examines the current situation and the factors contributing to it. This might include identification and analysis of needs, resources, strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats, and/or power analysis.
Framework/Guide
Rainbow Framework
Power analysis: A practical guide
This guide was developed in response to a recommendation of the Swedish Government Policy on Democratic Development and Human Rights, that power be analysed as part of context-specific poverty analysis.
Resource
Quick guide to power analysis
This 2-page guide developed by Oxfam in 2014 and updated in 2021, provides an overview of key concepts in power analysis and why it is useful, with links to additional resources.
Resource
Process tracing as a practical evaluation method: Comparative learning from six evaluations
This 2020 paper by Alix Wadeson, Bernardo Monzani and Tom Aston presents and reflects on six evaluations where process tracing was used and identifies some key learnings.
Resource
Power analysis briefing: Review of tools and methods
This paper, developed for WaterAid in 2012, provides an overview of different types of tools and methods for power analysis, including the use of lists, network maps, and classification systems.
Resource
Example outcome journal template
This template is based on the original Outcome Mapping guidance, incorporating elements from Outcome Harvesting (e.g. significance) and allowing tagging to particular progress markers (rather than listing them all as the original does).
Resource
Causal map app
This site includes a range of resources on causal mapping and the use of the causal map app including a guide that covers basic and advanced coding and analysis.
Resource
Reflecting: journals and learning (b)logs – Using journals and learning (b)logs to assess learning
The "Reflecting: Journals and Learning (b)logs" resource from the University of Warwick provides comprehensive guidance on the use of reflective writing for assessment and personal development.
Resource
Diaries and logs
This article provides comprehensive guidance on using diaries and logs to assess physical activity.
Resource
Key informant attribution
A method for testing causal reasoning by asking key informants.
Method
Decide who will conduct the evaluation
Clarify who will actually undertake the evaluation. This might include people who are involved in what is being evaluated (such as implementers, clients and community members), an internal or external evaluator, or some combination of these.
Framework/Guide
Rainbow Framework
Identify potential unintended results
It is useful and ethical to consider possible negative impacts (that make things worse not better) and how they can be identified before an intervention (project, programme, or policy) is implemented and addressed in an evaluation or M&E System.
Framework/Guide
Rainbow Framework